Objective To study the rodent and cockroach infestations in underground tube wells in Beijing, China, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control strategies. Methods A total of 100 streets were selected in Beijing in 2019, and 50 underground tube wells were selected randomly in each street for monitoring (four times). Bait stealing and visual inspection were used for rodent and cockroach density monitoring, respectively. The data were recorded in Excel 2007 software, and a descriptive analysis was conducted. Results Among all the underground tube wells selected in Beijing, the mean value of rodent positivity was 1.06%, and the mean value of cockroach positivity was 0.04%. The number of rodent-positive tube wells was highest (28) in Chaoyang and Haidian districts and lowest (2) in Shunyi district. There were 7 cockroach-positive tube wells, 3 in Fengtai district, 3 in Xicheng district, and 1 in Dongcheng district. Compared with the rural areas, the urban areas had a higher rodent-positive rate of tube wells. Sewage wells had the highest rodent-positive rate (46.92%), followed by electric wells (26.07%) and other wells (12.79%). The main cockroach-infested wells were sewage wells, rainwater wells, and electric wells. Conclusion Varying degrees of rodent infestation were found in the underground tube wells of Beijing in 2019, more severe in the urban areas than in the rural areas. Some administrative divisions had cockroach infestation. Rodent prevention and control in underground tube wells must not be overlooked, and cockroach infestation in underground tube wells should also be closely monitored.

Objective To investigate the effect of residual spraying of lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension on hedgerow in preventing and controlling mosquitoes. Methods This test was initiated on August 13, 2015, with a duration of one month. Two areas (control area and test area) with similar natural conditions and mosquito density were studied. Residual spraying was implemented using low-volume spray on the leaves (especially the backside) of the hedgerow in the test area. The change in the density of adult mosquitoes after spraying was continuously monitored by the CO ₂ lamp trapping method. The prevention and control effect was evaluated by the decrease rate (%) of relative density. Results After residual spraying of the hedgerow in the test area, the relative density of mosquitoes showed a decrease rate of more than 80% within 2 weeks and a decrease rate of more than 70% at 3 and 4 weeks after treatment as compared with those in the control area (no insecticide treatment). The study above was repeated once in the same place in mid-August, 2017, with the obtained results basically consistent with those in 2015. Conclusion Taking account of environmental safety and sustainable control of mosquitoes, it can achieve a good control effect on relatively high-density adult mosquitoes by standardized residual spraying on hedgerow using proper insecticides and dosage forms under feasible application environments and conditions accompanied by environmental control measures.

Objective To investigate the biting rate dynamics of mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP), and to analyze the correlation between biting rate and the population density measured by the lamp trapping method. Methods A dynamic monitoring of the biting rate and population density of mosquitoes was conducted by human landing catch and CO ₂ trapping lamp from July to September, 2013. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method and biting rate, and a linear regression analysis was used to build a linear model for prediction of the biting rate based on the mosquito density measured using the CO ₂ trapping lamp. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The biting rate of mosquitoes continuously increased from July to September, and a trough of lamp trapping mosquito density was detected in August. There was a linear correlation between lamp trapping mosquito density and biting rate in July and September, while there was no correlation between them in August. Conclusion The mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method is closely correlated with the biting rate of mosquitoes. Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, and the probability of people being bitten by mosquitoes is significantly correlated with the population density of Cx. pipiens pallens.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Musca domestica to 6 commonly used insecticides in Beijing, China, in 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for rational use of insecticides. Methods Using sweep net or fly trap, the field population of M. domestica was sampled from 6 urban districts in Beijing (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Daxing, and Tongzhou) from August to October, 2017. The micro-drip method was used to determine the resistance of M. domestica to 6 commonly used insecticides, i.e., DDVP, chlorpyrifos, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, and propoxur. Bioassay data were pooled, and probit analysis was conducted with POLO-Plus 2.0 software (LeOra Software Inc., Berkeley, CA) to calculate median lethal dose, slope, and their 95% confidence intervals. Results Varying degrees of resistance level of M. domestica to DDVP, chlorpyrifos, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, and propoxur were observed in the 6 urban districts of Beijing (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Daxing, and Tongzhou). The order of insecticide resistance level, from high to low, was propoxur (>500), beta-cypermethrin (42.80-260.01), deltamethrin (14.53-52.15), DDVP (15.22-31.95), lambda-cyhalothrin (11.83-31.48), and chlorpyrifos (2.59-6.38). Conclusion Musca domestica in Beijing has developed resistance to 6 commonly used insecticides, especially to propoxur and beta-cypermethrin, which we suggest should be suspended. In order to prevent the increasing insecticide resistance of M. domestica, the remaining insecticides should be used rationally according to the results of insecticide resistance surveillance.

Objective To evaluate the mosquito density in Beijing and analyze the trends of mosquito breeding in different environments and to provide a scientific basis for urban mosquito control. Methods The adult mosquito density was monitored using carbon dioxide mosquito lamp and mosquito-oviposition trap, while the larval mosquito density was monitored by spoon method for large bodies of water and pipette method for small volumes of water (in containers). Results From 2010 to 2012, a total of 37 603 adult mosquitoes were captured in Beijing, where Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species, accounting for 95.26% of all mosquitoes, followed by Aedes albopictus, accounting for 4.62%; the seasonal fluctuation curve showed that the peak of adult mosquito density appeared from July to August; the adult mosquito density was the highest in the park green lands, followed by residential areas, hospitals, and tourist attractions. The seasonal fluctuation curve for mosquito larvae showed that the peak of larval mosquito density appeared from June to July for both large bodies of water and small volumes of water (in containers); the positive rate of mosquito larvae was the highest in residential areas, followed by construction sites, sewers, and large bodies of water. Conclusion The surveillance Results of mosquito density and the trends of its seasonal fluctuation can provide effective guidance for urban mosquito control; attention should also be paid to the breeding places and density changes of mosquito larvae, and the association of mosquito density with mosquito borne diseases should be analyzed, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in urban areas.

Objective To determine the residual spray effect of deltamethrin on German cockroach ( Blattella germanica) and the potential relationship between the kdr mutation and the resistance. Methods The resistance ratio of the two field strain B. germanica to deltamethrin was detected by residual contact (glass jar). The forced contact test was conducted to detect the residual spray effect on 3 representative panels of glass, painted wood and cement. The kdr genotype was determined by sequencing. Results The knockdown rate decreased with the increase in the surface water absorption, with the duration of efficacy shortened. The killing effect of the insecticide varied with the resistance status of different strains. The 3 panels were all able to kill the susceptible and low resistance strains effectively, but had no reliable effect on the strain with moderate resistance. Low and moderate resistant field strains that were tolerant to deltamethrin all had the kdr genotype, with the former having a relatively high frequency of heterozygosis genotype (RS), the latter relatively high in the homozygosis genotype (RR). Conclusion B. germanica resistance to deltamethrin residual spray was closely related to the kdr genotypes. Incorrect use of insecticide may result in the increase of kdr genotype frequency, so frequency and dosage need to be adjusted based on the environment types, the target resistance and the insecticide history with residual spray management combined with toxic or gel bait to achieve the ideal control effect.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever cases from 2006 to 2010 for determination of the risk of dengue fever outbreaks in Beijing. Methods Data of the reported dengue fever cases in Beijing were collected and analyzed for their epidemiological characteristics with SPSS software. CO₂ trapping lamp method was used to monitor the constituent ratio and density of mosquitoes. Results A total of 23 imported dengue fever cases were confirmed, of which 95.65% (22/23) of the cases were at the age of 25-59 years. The male-female ratio was 4.75∶1. Among them, 69.57% (16/ 23) were office clerks. The constituent ratio and density of Aedes albopictus showed 25.71 times and 6.00 times increase in 2010 than in 2007, respectively. Conclusion The density of subdominant mosquito species (Ae. albopictus) has increased in recent years. Vector monitoring and control measures should be implemented effectively to reduce the outbreak risk.

Objective To investigate the incidence of insect-borne diseases before and after the May 12 Earthquake in Longnan, Gansu province, and to analyze role of disinfection on insect-borne diseases after the earthquake. Methods From 2005 to 2009, data on Japanese encephalitis (JE), kala-azar and malaria in the area were collected to determine the incidence and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the insect-borne diseases before and after the earthquake. Results From 2005 to 2008, a total of 164 JE cases were reported with an average incidence rate of 1.20/10⁵. No significant difference between the JE incidence in 2008 and that from 2005 to 2007 (P≥0.05). From 2005 to 2009, 501 kala-azar cases were reported with an annual incidence rate of 3.68/105. More cases were observed in men than in women (P＜0.001). No significant difference was noted between the incidence in 2009 and incidences in 2007 and 2009 (P≥0.05). From 2005 to 2008, seven cases of malaria were reported with an annual incidence rate of 0.06/105. Wudu district and Wenxian county were worst affected by insect-borne diseases. Conclusion JE and kala-azar were historically common insect-borne infectious diseases in Longnan. After the earthquake, the incidence of these diseases did not increase compared to the previous years. The reason may be closely related to insect disinfection work after the earthquake.

Objective To examine vector prevention and control practices for large-scale events in China by describing vector monitoring and control as a part of pest control operations (PCO) in the 2008 Beijing Olypmic Games. Methods Candidate PCO companies were first screened, and eligible bid winners were then trained and tested, during which the services provided were supervised and inspected by the government designated agency. Results The PCO companies achieved satisfying vector control rates during the 2008 Olympic Games. Conclusion A government-funded pest control model for large-scale events has been established, which utilizes well-trained PCO companies under the management, coordination and supervision of health care administrators knowledgable of technical protocols formulated by the disease prevention and control system.

【Abstract】 Objective To summarize the successful experience and disadvantage for Beijing Olympic Game by analyzing the integrated vector management (IVM) strategy in green homeland media village.  Methods The integrated management measure was used in this study in which the principles like “devoting main efforts into source reduction, putting chemical control first and combining physical control with environment management”. Results Random investigation showed that above 80% people selected no vectors or seldom vectors. The density of mosquito and fly declined quickly, and the average densities of them were 18.5/lamp·2 h and 29.4/cage·d, which was little higher than that in the other nuclear areas. Rodent and cockroach density was 0. Conclusion It is essential to define organization, carry out the responsibilities and eliminate the breeding site inside and outside of green homeland media village.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about West Nile virus （WNV） in mosquitoes during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and prevent and control West Nile fever. Methods Mosquitoes were collected by  CO2  lamp  trapping  method.  Two  methods, ADAPCO’s Ramp System and MAS’s VecTest Kits, were used to detect WNV in mosquitoes. Results Compared with 2006 and 2007, the density of main vectors decreased significantly in 2008. Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant specie of mosquito, which constituted ratio reached 96.94% in Beijing Olympic venues. There were 22 275 mosquitoes captured in Beijing Olympic venues that all were negative by detection. Conclusion Mosquitoes were controlled effectively in 2008 Olympic Games. No WNV?positive mosquitoes were detected.

【Abstract】 Objective To establish the monitoring system and network of the vector and know the flies density dynamics and its population distribution in the early reconstruction after earthquake in Shifang city. Methods The fly density and its population composition were monitored in tents, removable house, trash can, toilet and hospitals by cage trapping method in 5 towns in Shifang city. Results The flies caught mainly belonged to 3 species，6 genera. Of which,  Chrysomya megacephala was the dominant specie, accounting for 56.0% of the total. In monitored 5 township (town), the density of fly was higher in Luoshui town and Yinghua town, with the density of 358.0 individuals/cage and 91.7 individuals/cage , and the density of flies in Mazu town was the lowest with the density of 13.0 individuals/cage. Conclusion This investigation primarily knew the flies density and its population composition after earthquake in Shifang and filled a gaps in this area, which could provided the basis for the prevention and control of flies.

       【Abstract】 Objective To predict the risk indicators of the harm caused by vectors and the occurrence of related diseases during the Olympic Games by risk recognition and assessment methods. To take response measure timely and reduce effectively the harm caused by vectors in order to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of vector?borne diseases. Methods To grade the risk by analyzing the occurrence probability and consequence of risk event comprehensively. Firstly, educe the list and confirm the classification of the risk by literature consultation, empirical analysis, brain storm and expert advice. Secondly, judge the risk level by risk assessment index matrix method and provide the standard to the risk classification. Results The vector?borne diseases and nuisance caused by vectors could be potential during the Olympic Games. For the probability of the public health event caused by vectors, it certainly happens for the biting and infestation of vectors, and probably occurs for environment disruption. It is rare for the occurrence of cables bitten by rodent and power apparatus disruption. The levels of the public health event damaged by vector are as follows: it is moderate harm for the cable bitten and electronic facility disruption, and it is slight harm for the vector biting and infestation or environment disruption. Conclusion The goal that there is no serious harmful events caused by vectors during Beijing Olympic Games would be certainly realized by scientific recognition and assessment of the risk, comprehensive surveillance of vectors, integrated control, scientific using of pesticide, the organization of emergency response team and the generalization of advanced technology.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about the population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors by the successive monitoring from 2006 to 2008 in Beijing Olympic venues, and to provide the scientific basis for vector control. Methods The CO₂ trapping lamp method was used for the surveillance of mosquitoes, baited cage trapping method for the flies, night trapping method for rats and paste catching method for cockroaches. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito, accounting for 96.94% of the caught mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic venues. The dominant species of fly was Sarcophaginae, accounting for 46.13 % of the caught flies. Mus musculus Linnaeus was the dominant species of rats, accounting for 63.30 % of the caught rats. Blattella germanica was the dominant species of cockroaches, and all the captured cockroaches were German cockroaches. Compared with 2006 and 2007, the density of main vectors decreased significantly in 2008. During the period of the Olympic Games, the density of main vectors had been in the low level. The density of mosquito declined 88.57% and 89.26%, 69.88% and 81.63% for the fly density, 100% for the rat density and 99.98% for the cockroach density. Conclusion The density of main vectors decreased significantly during the period of Beijing Olympic Games. No serious harmful events caused by vectors occurred in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The goal about vector control had been realized completely.

Objective To select West Nile virus(WNV) quick detecting methods from mosquitoes which can be used in China. Methods Two methods,ADAPCO's RAMP System and MAS's VecTest kits were selected. The sensitivity and accuracy of these two methods and its cross-reaction with Japanese Encephalitis virus were tested. These two methods also were used to detect WNV in wild mosquitoes. Results The results show that both of the two methods can be used to detect WNV. Ramp system is more sensitive than VecTest kits. RT-PCR confirmed that no false positive and false negative results were obtained. These two methods have no cross-reaction in detecting WNV and Japanese Encephalitis virus. 6 species of wild mosquitoes were detected by these two methods. No WNV was found. Conclusion Both of Ramp system and VecTest can be used to detect WNV.

This paper is about the ecological characteristics and effectiveness of mosquito control of Gambusia affinis. The fish has well adaptation in Guizhou plateau. Through the test on the ability of mosquito control in rice field and puddle of vegetable plot,the effectiveness has been affirmed. So the fish Gambusia affinis breed can be taken as a method in vector born disease control.